Melasma is deeper and triggered by hormones and heat. It requires a more careful approach with ingredients like azelaic acid and tranexamic acid, alongside strict sun protection.
The single most important product is a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher. Daily use protects against UV radiation, the primary external cause of collagen breakdown and photoaging.
Prebiotic and phage-based cleansers are emerging. They aim to balance the skin's microbiome by eliminating bad bacteria that cause acne while preserving the good, maintaining a healthy barrier to prevent dryness and wrinkles.
A broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher is non-negotiable. Apply it daily to the front, back, and sides of the neck to shield against UV damage, the primary cause of collagen breakdown.